Early Iron Age Horse-bits and Cheek-Pieces Found in Azerbaijan
Keywords:
bronze horse-bits, bronze three-hole cheek-pieces, the Scythians, the Cimmerians, the South Caucasus, the 8th and the 7th centuries BC.
Abstract
Based on existing classifications of the horse-bits and cheek-pieces of the North Caucasus and Eastern Europe, the paper outlines a classification of bronze cheek-pieces made of a twisted core and non-bonding three-hole cheek-pieces from Azerbaijan. Burials where objects under the study originate from are dated back to the second half of the 8th and the 7th centuries BC. Most of the studied bits with non-bonding three-hole cheek-pieces of Azerbaijan come from the burial grounds where Scythian type objects were discovered or where a burial rite has analogies to those in the forest-steppe on the right bank of the Dnipro River. This data indicates the connection of the studied artefacts with the cultures of the Cimmerians and the Scythians.
References
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Aslanov G.M., Vaidov R.M., Ione G.I. Drevnii Mingechaur. Baku: Izd-vo AN Azerb, 1959.
Boehmer R.M. Zur Datierung der Nekropole B von Tepe Sialk. Archaeologische Anzeiger. 1965, 80, pp. 802-822.
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Chochorowski J. Ekspansja kimmeryjska na tereny Europy Środkowej. Krakόw: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1993.
Daragan M.N. Nachalo rannego zheleznogo veka v Dneprovskoi pravoberezhnoi lesostepi. Kyiv: KNT, 2011.
de Schauensee M. Horse Gear from Hasanlu. Expedition: the Bulletin of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. 1989, vol. 31, pp. 37-52.
de Schauensee M., Dyson R.H. Hasanlu Horse Trappings and Assyrian Reliefs. Essays on Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honor of Charles Kyrle Wilkinson. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983, pp. 59-77.
Dudarev C.L. Vzaimootnosheniia plemen Severnogo Kavkaza s kochevnikami jugo-vostochnoi Evropy v predskifskuiu epokhu (IX - pervaia polovina VII v. do n. e.). Armavir: b.i, 1999.
Dyson R.H. Problems of Protohistoric Iran as Seen from Hasanlu. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1965, XXIV, no. 3, pp. 193-217.
Dzhafarzade I.M. Elementy arkheologicheskoi kultury drevnei Mugani. Azərbaycan SSR EA xəbərləri. 1946, no. 9, pp. 16-25.
Esaian S.A., Pogrebova M.N. Skifskie pamiatniki Zakavkazia. Moskva: Nauka, 1985.
Galanina L.K. K probleme vzaimootnosheniia skifov s meotami (po dannym novykh raskopok Kelermesskogo kurgannogo mogilnika). Sovetskaia arheologiia. 1985, no. 3, pp. 156-165.
Gasanov Z.G. Pogrebalnyi obriad kak osnova vyiavleniia sobstvenno skifskikh kurganov Azerbaidzhana. In: W. Blajer (red.). Peregrinationes archaeologicae in Asia et Europa: Joanni Chochorowski dedicatae. Krakόw: Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Profil-Archeo, 2012, pp. 519-527.
Guseinova M. Iz istorii Juzhnogo Kavkaza: Khodzhaly-kedabekskaia kultura Azerbaidzhana (XVI-IX vv. do n. e.). Baku: Bizim kitab, 2011.
Hauptmann H. Neue Funde eurasischer Steppennomaden in Kleinasien. In: R.M. von Boehmer, Hauptmann H. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1983, pp. 251-270.
Iessen A.A. K voprosu o pamiatnikakh VIII-VII vv. do n. e. na yuge evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. Sovetskaia arkheologiia. 1953, XVIII, pp. 49-110.
Iessen A.A. Iz Istoricheskogo Proshlogo Milsko-Karabakhskoi Stepi. Trudy Azerbaidzhanskoi Arkheologicheskoi Ekspeditsii. 1956-1960 gg. Moskva; Leningrad: Nauka, 1965, vol. II, pp. 11-36.
Ilinskaia V.A., Terenozhkin A.I. Skifiia VII-IV vv. do n. e. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1983.
Ivanchik A.I. Kimmeriitsy i skify: Kulturno-istoricheskie i arkheologicheskie problemy arkheologii vostochnoevropeiskikh stepei i Kavkaza pred- i ranneskifskogo vremeni. Moskva: Paleograf, 2001.
Kossack G. On the Origins of the Scytho-Iranian Animal Style. Towards Translating the Past. Georg Kossack - Selected Studies in Archaeology. Ten Essays written from the year 1974 to 1997. B. Hansel, A. F. Harding, (ed.). Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 1998, pp. 39-96.
Mahmudov F.R. Talış-Muğan zonasında 1967-ci il kəşviyyat səfərinin hesabatı. Azerb. SSR EA Tarix İnstitutu ÇTİB-nın arxivi. Inv № h-19, Bakı, 1967.
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Makhortykh S.V. Klassifikatsiia bronzovykh predskifskikh psaliev Vostochnoi i Tsentralnoi Evropy. Naukovі pratsі іstorichnoho fakultetu Zaporіzkoho derzhavnoho unіversitetu. 2004, XVIII, pp. 300-321.
Makhortykh S.V. Kimmeriitsy Severnogo Prichernomoria. Kyiv: Shliakh, 2005.
Makhortykh S. Mezhdu Tsentralnoi Evropoi i Kavkazom: Severnoe Prichernomorie v nachale I tys. do n. e. «Magyarország-Azerbajdzsán: a kultúrák párbeszéde». V Nemzetközi tudományos konferencia, Kivonatok. Budapest, 2010, pp. 60-61.
Makhortykh C.V. Konskoe snariazhenie vsadnikov Predkavkazia i Ukrainskoi lesostepi v VII-VI vv. do n. e. In: Vsadniki Velikoi Stepi: traditsii i innovatsii. Trudy filiala Instituta arkheologii im. A.H. Margulana. Astana: 2014, vol. IV, pp. 174-187.
Medvedskaia I.N. Konskii ubor Drevnego Irana: voprosy khronologii, proishozhdeniia i razvitiia. Rossiiskii arkheologicheskii yezhegodnik. 2013, no. 3, pp. 412-441.
Medvedskaia I.N. Sialk B i Hasanlu IV: voprosy khronologii. In: V.I. Guljaev (ed.). Drevnosti Evrazii: ot rannei bronzy do srednevekovia: Pamiati V.S. Olkhovskogo. Moskva: IA RAN, 2005, pp. 10-126.
Moorey P.R.S. Catalogue of the Ancient Persian Bronzes in the Ashmolean Museum. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Nagel V., Ştrommenger J. Qalakənd: Cənubi Qafqazın Kirovobad (Elizavetpol) ərazisində erkən dəmir dövrünün arxeoloji tapıntıları. Bakı: Diplomat, 1999.
Pogrebova M.N. Zakavkazie i kimmeriitsy assiriiskikh tekstov kontsa VIII v. do n. e. A.V. Sedov (ed.). Drevnie tsivilizatsii Evrazii. Istoriia i kultura. Moskva: Vostochnaia literatura, 2001, pp. 317-333.
Polin S.V. Khronolohiia rannioskifskykh pamiatok. Arkheolohiia. 1987, no. 59, pp. 17-36.
Quliyev F. Azərbaycan kurqan qəbirlərində at dəfni. Bakı: Elm, 2008.
Riabkova T.V. Kurgan 524 u s. Zhabotin v sisteme pamiatnikov perioda skifskoi arkhaiki. Rossiiskii arkheologicheskii ezhegodnik. 2014, no. 4, pp. 372-432.
Skoryi S.A. Skify v Dneprovskoi Pravoberezhnoi Lesostepi. Kyiv, 2003.
Sulimirski T. The background of the Ziwiye find and its significance in the development of Scythian art. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology. 1978, no. 15, pp. 7-33.
Tairov A.D. Kochevniki Uralo-Kazakhstanskikh stepei v VII-VI vv. do n. e. Cheliabinsk: Izdatelstvo JuUrGU, 2007.
Terenozhkin A.I. Data mingechaurskih udil. Sovetskaia arkheologiia. 1971, no. 4, pp. 71-84.
Yablonskii L.T. Saki Juzhnogo Priaralia (arkheologiia i antropologiia mogilnikov). Moskva: Institut arkheologii Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. 1996.
Yerlih V.R. U istokov ranneskifskogo kompleksa. Moskva, 1994.
Yerlih V.R. Uzda Kolkhidy i Tsentralnoi Gruzii antichnoi epokhi: k probleme vydeleniia traditsii. Arkheologiia i paleoantropologiia Evraziiskikh stepei i sopredelnykh territorii. R.M. Munchaev (ed.). Moskva: Taus, 2010, pp. 73-106.
Yıldırım R. Urartu at gemleri. Belleten. Türk Tatih Kurumu. 1987, Sa. 200, pp. 441-467.
Zenobii. Sokrashchenie iz [sbornikov] poslovits [Lukilla] Tarreiskogo i Didima, sostavlennoe v alfavitnom poriadke. Vestnik drevnei istorii, 1948, No. 4, pp. 289-291.
Aslanov G.G. Shamkhorskii mogilnik. Baku: Jelm, 1986.
Aslanov G.M., Vaidov R.M., Ione G.I. Drevnii Mingechaur. Baku: Izd-vo AN Azerb, 1959.
Boehmer R.M. Zur Datierung der Nekropole B von Tepe Sialk. Archaeologische Anzeiger. 1965, 80, pp. 802-822.
Chochorowski J. Die Vekerzug-Kultur und ihre östlichen Beziehungen. In: B. Hänsel, J. Manchik. Das Karpatenbecken und die Osteuroäische Steppe: Nomadenbewegungen und Kulturaustausch in den vorchristlichen Metallzeiten (4000-500 v. Chr.). München; Rahden. Westf: Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft und Leidorf, 1998. pp. 473-491.
Chochorowski J. Ekspansja kimmeryjska na tereny Europy Środkowej. Krakόw: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1993.
Daragan M.N. Nachalo rannego zheleznogo veka v Dneprovskoi pravoberezhnoi lesostepi. Kyiv: KNT, 2011.
de Schauensee M. Horse Gear from Hasanlu. Expedition: the Bulletin of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. 1989, vol. 31, pp. 37-52.
de Schauensee M., Dyson R.H. Hasanlu Horse Trappings and Assyrian Reliefs. Essays on Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honor of Charles Kyrle Wilkinson. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983, pp. 59-77.
Dudarev C.L. Vzaimootnosheniia plemen Severnogo Kavkaza s kochevnikami jugo-vostochnoi Evropy v predskifskuiu epokhu (IX - pervaia polovina VII v. do n. e.). Armavir: b.i, 1999.
Dyson R.H. Problems of Protohistoric Iran as Seen from Hasanlu. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1965, XXIV, no. 3, pp. 193-217.
Dzhafarzade I.M. Elementy arkheologicheskoi kultury drevnei Mugani. Azərbaycan SSR EA xəbərləri. 1946, no. 9, pp. 16-25.
Esaian S.A., Pogrebova M.N. Skifskie pamiatniki Zakavkazia. Moskva: Nauka, 1985.
Galanina L.K. K probleme vzaimootnosheniia skifov s meotami (po dannym novykh raskopok Kelermesskogo kurgannogo mogilnika). Sovetskaia arheologiia. 1985, no. 3, pp. 156-165.
Gasanov Z.G. Pogrebalnyi obriad kak osnova vyiavleniia sobstvenno skifskikh kurganov Azerbaidzhana. In: W. Blajer (red.). Peregrinationes archaeologicae in Asia et Europa: Joanni Chochorowski dedicatae. Krakόw: Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Profil-Archeo, 2012, pp. 519-527.
Guseinova M. Iz istorii Juzhnogo Kavkaza: Khodzhaly-kedabekskaia kultura Azerbaidzhana (XVI-IX vv. do n. e.). Baku: Bizim kitab, 2011.
Hauptmann H. Neue Funde eurasischer Steppennomaden in Kleinasien. In: R.M. von Boehmer, Hauptmann H. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1983, pp. 251-270.
Iessen A.A. K voprosu o pamiatnikakh VIII-VII vv. do n. e. na yuge evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. Sovetskaia arkheologiia. 1953, XVIII, pp. 49-110.
Iessen A.A. Iz Istoricheskogo Proshlogo Milsko-Karabakhskoi Stepi. Trudy Azerbaidzhanskoi Arkheologicheskoi Ekspeditsii. 1956-1960 gg. Moskva; Leningrad: Nauka, 1965, vol. II, pp. 11-36.
Ilinskaia V.A., Terenozhkin A.I. Skifiia VII-IV vv. do n. e. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1983.
Ivanchik A.I. Kimmeriitsy i skify: Kulturno-istoricheskie i arkheologicheskie problemy arkheologii vostochnoevropeiskikh stepei i Kavkaza pred- i ranneskifskogo vremeni. Moskva: Paleograf, 2001.
Kossack G. On the Origins of the Scytho-Iranian Animal Style. Towards Translating the Past. Georg Kossack - Selected Studies in Archaeology. Ten Essays written from the year 1974 to 1997. B. Hansel, A. F. Harding, (ed.). Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 1998, pp. 39-96.
Mahmudov F.R. Talış-Muğan zonasında 1967-ci il kəşviyyat səfərinin hesabatı. Azerb. SSR EA Tarix İnstitutu ÇTİB-nın arxivi. Inv № h-19, Bakı, 1967.
Mahmudov F.R., Kəsəmənli H.P. Lənkəran yaxınlığındaki qədim qəbristan haqqında. Azərbaycan SSR EA xəbərləri. 1974, no. 4, pp. 47-56.
Makhortykh S.V. Klassifikatsiia bronzovykh predskifskikh psaliev Vostochnoi i Tsentralnoi Evropy. Naukovі pratsі іstorichnoho fakultetu Zaporіzkoho derzhavnoho unіversitetu. 2004, XVIII, pp. 300-321.
Makhortykh S.V. Kimmeriitsy Severnogo Prichernomoria. Kyiv: Shliakh, 2005.
Makhortykh S. Mezhdu Tsentralnoi Evropoi i Kavkazom: Severnoe Prichernomorie v nachale I tys. do n. e. «Magyarország-Azerbajdzsán: a kultúrák párbeszéde». V Nemzetközi tudományos konferencia, Kivonatok. Budapest, 2010, pp. 60-61.
Makhortykh C.V. Konskoe snariazhenie vsadnikov Predkavkazia i Ukrainskoi lesostepi v VII-VI vv. do n. e. In: Vsadniki Velikoi Stepi: traditsii i innovatsii. Trudy filiala Instituta arkheologii im. A.H. Margulana. Astana: 2014, vol. IV, pp. 174-187.
Medvedskaia I.N. Konskii ubor Drevnego Irana: voprosy khronologii, proishozhdeniia i razvitiia. Rossiiskii arkheologicheskii yezhegodnik. 2013, no. 3, pp. 412-441.
Medvedskaia I.N. Sialk B i Hasanlu IV: voprosy khronologii. In: V.I. Guljaev (ed.). Drevnosti Evrazii: ot rannei bronzy do srednevekovia: Pamiati V.S. Olkhovskogo. Moskva: IA RAN, 2005, pp. 10-126.
Moorey P.R.S. Catalogue of the Ancient Persian Bronzes in the Ashmolean Museum. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Nagel V., Ştrommenger J. Qalakənd: Cənubi Qafqazın Kirovobad (Elizavetpol) ərazisində erkən dəmir dövrünün arxeoloji tapıntıları. Bakı: Diplomat, 1999.
Pogrebova M.N. Zakavkazie i kimmeriitsy assiriiskikh tekstov kontsa VIII v. do n. e. A.V. Sedov (ed.). Drevnie tsivilizatsii Evrazii. Istoriia i kultura. Moskva: Vostochnaia literatura, 2001, pp. 317-333.
Polin S.V. Khronolohiia rannioskifskykh pamiatok. Arkheolohiia. 1987, no. 59, pp. 17-36.
Quliyev F. Azərbaycan kurqan qəbirlərində at dəfni. Bakı: Elm, 2008.
Riabkova T.V. Kurgan 524 u s. Zhabotin v sisteme pamiatnikov perioda skifskoi arkhaiki. Rossiiskii arkheologicheskii ezhegodnik. 2014, no. 4, pp. 372-432.
Skoryi S.A. Skify v Dneprovskoi Pravoberezhnoi Lesostepi. Kyiv, 2003.
Sulimirski T. The background of the Ziwiye find and its significance in the development of Scythian art. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology. 1978, no. 15, pp. 7-33.
Tairov A.D. Kochevniki Uralo-Kazakhstanskikh stepei v VII-VI vv. do n. e. Cheliabinsk: Izdatelstvo JuUrGU, 2007.
Terenozhkin A.I. Data mingechaurskih udil. Sovetskaia arkheologiia. 1971, no. 4, pp. 71-84.
Yablonskii L.T. Saki Juzhnogo Priaralia (arkheologiia i antropologiia mogilnikov). Moskva: Institut arkheologii Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. 1996.
Yerlih V.R. U istokov ranneskifskogo kompleksa. Moskva, 1994.
Yerlih V.R. Uzda Kolkhidy i Tsentralnoi Gruzii antichnoi epokhi: k probleme vydeleniia traditsii. Arkheologiia i paleoantropologiia Evraziiskikh stepei i sopredelnykh territorii. R.M. Munchaev (ed.). Moskva: Taus, 2010, pp. 73-106.
Yıldırım R. Urartu at gemleri. Belleten. Türk Tatih Kurumu. 1987, Sa. 200, pp. 441-467.
Zenobii. Sokrashchenie iz [sbornikov] poslovits [Lukilla] Tarreiskogo i Didima, sostavlennoe v alfavitnom poriadke. Vestnik drevnei istorii, 1948, No. 4, pp. 289-291.
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