The Structure of Archaeological Knowledge and the Concept of Archaeological Culture: The Perspective of Actor-Network Theory
Keywords:
archaeological culture, material culture, archaeological theory, actor-network theory, ontology, epistemology, assemblage.
Abstract
The paper deals with the concept of archaeological culture and the structure of archaeological knowledge in archaeological theory today. It aims to reconsider these basic concepts in light of the actor-network theory and integrate Ukrainian archaeological theorising into the global discourse by mobilising the theoretical advances around archaeological cultures. By doing that, we also want to contribute to the ethical and anthropocentric aspect of archaeological research and to create a provocation for bringing life to archaeological theorising in Ukraine.
First part of the paper is focused on the brief overview of the history of archaeological culture as a concept. Given that it was very different in various parts of the world, we separate the rise and fall of archaeological cultures in continental and Anglo-American studies and the history of archaeological theory in Soviet and post-Soviet countries. We compare these processes when relevant, but aim to describe the state of the art and its preconditions rather than provide a detailed historiographic overview. We then emphasise archaeological culture as a “strong theory,” highlighting its problematic status based on its strength.
Therefore, the second part of the contribution deals with the perspectives of the actor-network theory to enrich the concept of archaeological cultures by making it weaker and more adequate to the modern archaeological studies. We describe the history and the main agenda of the actor-network theory with the particular focus on the ways it can solve the problematic status of the archaeological culture.
In the last part of the paper we suggest a scheme to describe the structure of archaeological knowledge from the perspective of the actor-network theory. We explain the ways this new scheme “weakens” archaeological cultures and enables avoiding the positivistic dead end. Moreover, we link specific practices of archaeological research to the particular stage of the study and explain the ways archaeological cultures can remain the crucial category of archaeological studies without being a “toxic” and “strong” theory. This forms a strong basis for integrating the culture-grounded theorising in Ukraine with the advances of the Western archaeological theory today.
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