Terracottas from the Maslyny Settlement on the Chora of Tauric Chersonesos
Keywords:
Ancient Greek period, Hellenism, Tauric Chersonesos, chora, Maslyny settlement, coroplastics, terracotta, Aphrodite cult.
Abstract
In the article the finds of terracotta figurines from the excavations of the Hellenistic settlement of Maslyny in North-western Taurica (excavations by V. O. Latysheva) are analyzed. The terracotta collection contains striking specimens of ancient coroplastic. The figurines illustrate the religious life of the population, including the worship of cults of a family nature.
All terracottas were found on the territory of the living and utility homesteads of the settlement. Most of the figurines are located in a room at the south tower, which, according to the interior and related material, had several functions. Other statuettes were also found in the non-ordinary rooms and this text also indicates their cultic purpose.
Sanctuaries in rooms at the tower were known before at Chersonesos chora. Such practice of private sanctuaries corresponds to the choice of the most prominent and extraordinary places for arranging public sanctuaries of polis. Terracottas of Eros Thanatos, doves, and female figurines are connected with the cult of Aphrodite. One of three Erotes is decorated with red ribbons crossed on his chest. Such adornment is peculiar for Aphrodite images and not known on terracottas of this type. Protomes hanged on the wall and doves hanged to the ceiling, as well as female bust serving for a thymiaterion illustrate the variety of religious practices conducted by the habitants. A tympanon held by Nike reminds of mystery cults. The remains of ivy wreath on a Tanagra type figurine and a tympanum in the hands of Nika remind of Dionysus cult. The figurines are dated, according to the general chronology of the site, not earlier than the third quarter of 4th—3rd c. BC.
Some statuettes were made in Tauric Chersonesos, where similar cults are traced during the Hellenistic period. Terracottas from Maslyny settlement find the closest analogies at the sites of the North-western Black Sea region, including Olbia and Callatis. This fact allows tracing the relation between Tauric Chersonesos and that region
References
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Çekilmez, M. 2014. Tralleis Güney nekropolü terracotta figürinleri. Doktora tezi. Aydin.
Cohen, B. 2004. Divesting the Female Breast of Clothes in Classical Sculpture. In: (Eds. A. O. Koloski-Ostrow, C. L. Lyons) Naked Truths. Women, Sexuality, and Gender in Classical Art and Archaeology. London; New York, p. 66-92.
Colonna, C., Buisson, N. 2014. La redécouverte d’un buste antique sicilien en terrecuite de la collection Janzé. Revue archéologique,fascicule 2, p. 227-242.
Egorova, T. V. 2014. Novaia ranneellinisticheskaia usadba na gorodishche “Chaika” i ee mesto v structure poseleniia. Stratum plus, no. 3, pp. 303-323
Fedoseev, I. Yu. 2014. Kallatiitsy na Bospore. In: Callatida. Mangalia, pp. 17-38.
Gramatopol, M., Craciunescu, V. 2015. Les terres cuites antiques de la collection Marie et Dr G. Severeanu du Musée d’Histoire de la Ville de Bucarest. Studia, II.
Gushchina, I. I. 1978. Izobrazhenie zhenskogo bozhestva na bliashkakh iz pogrebenii Belbekskoi doliny Kryma. Voprosy drevnei i srednevekovoi arkheologii Vostochnoi Evropy. Moskva, pp. 25-30.
Hannestad, L., Stolba, V. F., Sčeglov, A. N. 2002. Panskoye I. Aarhus.
Higgins R.A. 1954. Catalogue of the Terracottas in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. British Museum. London, vol. I.
Higgins, R. A. 1963. Greek Terracotta Figures. London.
Ilina, T. A. 2007. Odnostoronnie terrakotovye izobrazheniia bozhestv s gorodishcha “Chaika”. Materialy issledovanii gorodishcha “Chaika” v Severo-Zapadnom Krymu: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Moskva, pp. 337-353.
Kafedra istorii drevnego mira i srednikh vekov Kharkovskogo universiteta. 30 let (eds. V.I. Kadeev, S.B. Sorochan). Kharkiv, 2008.
Kereni, C. 2000. Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter (trans. A. P. Khomik, V. I. Menzhulin). Moskva.
Kleiman, I. B. 1970. Statuetki iz Roksolan (Nikoniia). Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. Г1-11, part І, pp. 27-29.
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Kobylina, M. M. 1974. Terrakotovye statuetki Fanagorii. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. Г1-11, part ІV, pp. 20-30.
Kobylina, M. M. 1970. Terrakoty iz g. Feodosii. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. Г1-11, part ІІ, pp. 78-81.
Kondakov, N. 1879. Grecheskie terrakotovye statuetki v ikh otnoshenii k isskustvu, religii i bytu. Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostei, vol. ХІ, pp. 75-179.
Kotenko, V. V. 2011. Siroloshchena keramika z poselennia Maslyny. Arheologia, no. 1, pp. 68-76.
Kotenko, V. V. 2017a. Do pytannia pro torhivliu Khersonesa Tavriiskoho z Olvieiu. Pivnichne Prychornomoria za antychnoi doby (na poshanu S.D. Kryzhytskoho) (ed. N. O. Havryliuk). Kyiv, pp. 109-115.
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Kutaisov, V. A. 1985. Dom s andronom iz raskopok Kerkinitidy. Sovetskaia arkheologia, no. 3, pp. 178-190.
Kutaisov, V. 2004. Kerkinitida v antichnuiu epokhu. Kyiv.
Lang-Auinger, C. Iconographic parallels between terracottas from Western Asia Minor and the Black Sea. Greki I varvary na Bospore Kimmeriiskom VII-I vv. do n. e. Sankt-Peterbirg, 2006, pp. 100-105.
Latysheva, I. 1959. Terrakoty iz tsysterny olviiskoi agory. Kratkie soobshcheniia o dokladakh i polevykh issledovaniiakh Instituta istorii materialnoi kultury, vol. 74, pp. 9-19.
Latysheva, V. A. 1972. Otchet o raskopkakh Kharkovskogo otriada Severo-Krymskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii Instituta arkheologii AN USSR v 1972 g. Naukovyi arkhiv Instytutu arkheolohii NAN Ukrainy. № 1972/122.
Latysheva, V. A. 1974. Otchet o raskopkakh ekspeditsii Kharkovskogo universiteta v 1974 godu. Naukovyi arkhiv Instytutu arkheolohii NAN Ukrainy. № 1974/126.
Latysheva, V. A. 1976. Otchet o raskopkakh ekspeditsii Kharkovskogo gosuniversiteta v Severo-Zapadnom Krymu v 1976 g. Naukovyi arkhiv Instytutu arkheolohii NAN Ukrainy. № 1976/61.
Latysheva, V. A. 1988. K istorii kultov naseleniia khersonesskoi chory. Vestnik Kharkovskogo universiteta, no. 316, pp. 66-73.
Latysheva, V. A. 1989. K istorii kultov naseleniia khersonesskoi chory (po materialam poseleniia Masliny). In: Problemy issledovaniia antichnykh gorodov. Tezisy. Moskva, , pp. 65-67.
Latysheva, V. A. 1994. Kultovye sosudy poseleniia khersonesskoi chory “Masliny”. Visnyk Kharkivskoho universytetu, no. 385, pp. 22-31.
Levi, E. I. 1970. Opisanie terrakot temenosa. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. Г1-11, part I, pp. 42-49.
Lordkipanisze, O. 1996. Vani. Ein antikes religiцses Zentrum im Lande des goldenen Vlieses (Kolchis). Mainz.
Merker, G. S. 2000. The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. Terracotta Figurines of the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Period (Corinth, vol. XVIII, part IV). Princedon; New Jersey.
Mollard-Besques, S. 1954. Catalogue Raisonnè des figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite grecs, ètrusques et romains. I. Epoques prèhellènique, gèomètrique, archaїque et classique. Paris.
Musée de Pergame: Collectious d’Antiques. Musée de Proche-orient. 1994.
Nadpisi Olvii (eds. Knipovich T. N., Levi E. I.). Leningrad, 1968.
Nalivkina, M. A. 1970. Statuetki iz Kerkinitidy. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. Г1-11, part ІІ, pp. 66-68.
Nikolaeva, E. Ya. 1974. Terrakoty iz goroda Kep. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. Г1-11, part ІV, pp. 16-20.
Opperman, M. 2007. Thraker, Griechen und Römmer an der Schwarzen Meeres. Mainz am Rhein.
Paslaru, I., Colesniuk, S. M., Ionescu, M. 2014a. Stratigraphic Observations in the Surroundings of the Kallatis City. Callatida.Mangalia, p. 83-124.
Paslaru, I., Colesniuk, S. M., Ionescu, M. 2014b. Research in the Hellenistic District Area in Surroundings of the Kallatis City. Callatida. Mangalia, p. 125-146.
Popova, E. A. 2000. Terrakoty s gorodishcha “Chaika” v Evpatorii. Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, no. 1, pp. 131-143.
Portale, C. 2012. Busti fittili e ninfe: Sulla valenza e la polisemia delle rappresentazioni abbreviate in forma di busto nella coroplastica votiva siceliota. In: M. Albertocchi, A. Pautasso (Eds.) Philotechnica. Studi sulla coroplastica della Sicilia Greca. Catania, p. 257-252.
Pruglo, V. I. 1970. Statuetki s Mirmekiia. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. Г1-11, part ІІ, pp. 94-100.
Robinson, D. M. 1952. Terracottas, Lamps, and Coins found in 1934 and 1938 (Excavations at Olynthus. Part XIV). Baltimore.
Rostovtsev, M. 1914. Antichnaia dekorativnaia zhyvopis na yuge Rossii. Atlas. 1913. Tekst. Opisanie i issledovanie pamiatnikov. Peterburg.
Rusiaieva, A. S. 1971. Kult Kory-Persefony v Olvii. Arheologia, no. 4, pp. 28-40.
Rusiaieva, A. S. 1979. Zemledelcheskie kulty v Olvii dogetskogo vremeni. Kyiv.
Rusiaieva, A. S. 1982. Antichnye terrakoty Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomoria (VI-I vv. do n.e.). Kyiv.
Rusiaieva, A. S. 2005. Religiia pontiiskikh ellinov v antichnuiu epokhu. Kyiv.
Rusiaieva, A. S., Son, N. A. 1995. Terrakotovaia forma s izobrazheniem Artemidy. Arheologia, no. 4, pp. 24-37
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